Which theory considers learning as a constructive and goal-oriented process directed by the learner?

Cognitive theories view learning as a constructive and goal-oriented process directed by the learner. This approach emphasizes the role of mental processes in how individuals understand, remember, and learn new information. It posits that learners actively engage with material, constructing their own understanding based on previous knowledge and experiences. In this framework, learners are seen as agents who set goals, solve problems, and reflect on their learning, which aligns well with the notion of constructivism.

Constructivists argue that knowledge is not passively absorbed but actively built by the learner. They focus on how learners interpret and make sense of new information, leading to personalized learning experiences. By recognizing the importance of the learner's involvement in the process, cognitive theories highlight processes such as critical thinking and self-regulation, demonstrating how learners navigate their educational paths with agency and intention.